CHALAMALASETTY

HARD DISK

2009-04-02T17:37:00.000+05:30

ST 506 or INTERFACE (out Dated )

(1) ST 506 Cards Supports 2 Hard disks

(2) 2 cables are used (1) Controls signals (2) data cable

(3) HDD Controller is on the Card

(4) It Uses Stepper Band Technology

(5) Also called as open loop Technology

INTEGRATED DRIVE ELECTRONICS (IDE)

(1) Supports Two hard disks

(2) Uses 40 pin single cable

(3) Controller on the hard disk

(4) Voice call Technology

(5) Closed loop Technology

ENHANCES IDE / ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment )

(1) Supports 4 Drives

(2) 40 Pin single cable

(3) controller on hard disk

(4) voice coil Technology

(5) Closed loop Technology

(6) Data Transfer 16.6 mb/sec

SASI / Vide SASI / ultra SASI (Small Computer System Interface )

(1) Supports 7 Drives

(2) Single Cable 50 Pin, 62 pin, 80 pin

(3) controller on hard disk

(4) voice coil Technology

(5) Closed loop Technology

(6) Data Transfer 5 mb/sec, 10 mb/sec, 20 mb/sec, 40 mb/sec

INITILIZATION OF HARD DISK

(1) Mounting of HDD

(a) Fixing HDD in the Bezel : Insert the HDD into the Bezel with the label topside & cable connector back side.

(b) HDD Screws : HDD Screws are small and Rough Thread

· DMA Mode Data Transfer 33.8 (In HDD for DMA (IDE driver ) us should load the driver and it has 80 pin connector.

(d) Connecting Power Cable :

(e) Connecting Data Cable on Mother Board : By Identifying the 1^st pin on the Mother board

(f) Entering CMOSS (Configuring in CMOSS )

· Press “Del” Key after switching on the System it opens CMOSS menu

· Select “ IDE Auto Detection “, Then Press Enter

· It Automatically Identifies the Hard Disk

· Save & Come Out

Note : CMOSS parameters Slightly vary motherboard to mother board. Some mother boards may not open CMOSS Setup by pressing “Del” key in the case try

With F2, F10, Cont + Alt + Esc, Cont+Alt+S.

(2) Partitioning : There are three modes of HDD detection in CMOSS.

(1) Normal Mode : In Normal Mode the system can accesses maximum up to 540 mb HDD

(2) LBA Mode : In LBA Mode the system can accesses maximum up to 8 Gb

(3) Large Mode : In Large Mode the system can accesses maximum up to more than 8 Gb

# Dos Can work up to FAT-16 i.e., 2¹⁶

(3) Formatting : There are three types of Formatting

(1) Low Level Format : Laying tracks & cylinders & sectors is called as low level format. ST506HDD require low level format. IDE-HDD are low level formatted at the factory so Never low level format for IDE-HDD

(2) Partitioning : While partitioning master boot record is created .partitioning is done by two ways (1) by using “F-Disk” command (2) by using Special utility soft ware like : DM (Disk Manager)

(3) High Level Format : This is done by using “Format” Command. This “Format” creates FAT-Root Directory etc.,

# The Maximum size of patricians accessed by Dos is 2.1 GB which uses FAT-16. Dos uses Fat-16 i.e., 2¹⁶ = 65,536 This is the maximum number of Clusters accessed by Dos that is why the Partitions size increases with the cluster size. i.e., 65536 x 32 kb =

2 Gb . If the Cluster size is further increased beyond 36 kb the wastage increases more

FAT : The FAT is a part of the system that Dos uses to keep track of where files are stored in the disk. Windows 98 or 95 uses FAT-32 which uses 4 kb of cluster size .

FDISK

To create partissions : Primary à Extended à Logical

To delete partissions : Logical à Extended à Primary

# After Formatting the HDD we should the files config.sys (and) Autoexec.bat or the OS will automatically load these files.

# Config.sys will contain Files, Buffers, Drivers Device.

# “C”-Language used in windows is called is Visual C

FIES : The files command causes Dos to set aside a small block of memory each of which is devoted to track a file when it is been upend.

BUFFERES : The Buffers Command tell dos How many Buffers to set.

# Any driver is loaded through Config.sys

Device = Path of Driver . sys

Last Drive = “ Z “

# Dos can accesses two local drives & 3 HDD partissions & 1 network drive If we want to accesses more than 6 then last drive = “ Z “

# A & B = Local Drives (Floppy)

C,D,E,---- = HDD PARTISSIONS

F = network drive

# To accesses drive letters i.e., G to Z a command last Drive = Z should be added in the Config . sys file

CONFIG . SYS

Files = 75

Buffers = 30

Device = C:\SBCD\DRV\SBIDE . SYS (for Creative Drive )

Last Drive = Z

Special files is : MSCDEX . EXE

HDD PROBLEMS

(1) Invalid Drive Specification

(2) Invalid Media

(3) Non-System Diskette

(4) Data Error Reading Drive “ C “

(5) Only 540 mb Accessible

(6) Auto Scanning every time when the system is switched “ ON “

(7) C – Partissions is accessible but remaining is not accessible

(8) HDD – LED Continuously Glowing

(9) When two HDD are connected as Master and Slave Both are not working

(10) HDD Management

Solutions :

(1) Occurs when the HDD is not partitioned or when existing partissions are corrupted --- (a) If the HDD is new or the data is the HDD is not required then partissions the HDD (b) If the Data is required then Run NDD .EXE file “(Notion Disk Doctor ). { But Data is not 100% sequire } and try to retain the Partissions.

(2) Format the HDD

(3) System File Missing : Boot from A – Drive and copy System Files (Sys C: )

(4) This Problem occurs when there are bad Sectors in the Disk : Run Scan Disk and make all Bad Sectors {Never move the CPU when the System is ON }

(5) In the CMOS normal mode is selected for the HDD : Select LBA or Large in the CMOS

(6) This is due to bad Sectors in the HDD : Run Scan Disk twice and thrice

(7) Master Boot Record Corrupted this comes because the Virus : Scan with Utility virus: Use Latest Anti-virus Package

(8) The Cable is Reverse ( Data Cable )

(9) Both are Configured either as Master or either as Slave : Configure Master and Slave Properly

(10) Monthly once Run De-fragmentation in Windows.

2009-03-29T16:03:00.000+05:30

COMMON PROBLEMS IN HARDWARE:

General Hardware Troubleshooting Tips

Regardless of the problem there are a few steps that must be taken whenever troubleshooting a hardware problem. These may seem rather insulting to most people, but one must never forget to do them; if they are not done you might very well waste allot of time and possibly create a new problem from fiddling around in your computer chasing down a phantom. Here are some quick steps:

Power Cords - Make sure that all of the power cords are firmly in place on all of the devices that could possibly be causing or attributing to the symptoms you are experiencing (i.e. If nothing shows up on the monitor make sure that the cords are attached to both the monitor and the computer itself). Then trace the cords back to the wall and make sure that the other end of the cord is attached to a power outlet or surge protector.
Outlet Power - It is not uncommon to blow a fuse; if the outlet in question is not receiving power than you should not expect any of the devices connected to the computer to receive power. You can test this simply by looking at the device and seeing if any LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are lit. If there are no LEDs lit, try pluggin in a device that you know works into the outlet, such as a clock or radio.
Power Button - This step goes hand-in-hand with the last step. Many people don’t think to check for this because many computer devices stay on all of the time (i.e. monitors, printers, power supplies), and as such do not check the power button. Also, some devices have two power switches on them, and both must be in the “on” position in order for the device to work (i.e. there is a power button both on the front, and on the back of most computers).
Communication Connections - Once you’ve settled that the power to your devices is fine, the next step is to make sure that the device has all of the connections needed for it to communicate. This step consists of making sure that these cables are firmly connected at each end, and that they are connected at the correct port/interface. Do not forget to check internal connections; if your computer has been bumped it is possible for some connections inside to pop loose.
Device Configuration - This steps provides both hardware and software configuration. There may be jumpers or switches on the hardware that need to be configured. If these accidentally got moved or switched the device would fail to work properly. Also, most hardware ships with configuration software (i.e. Wireless cards); make sure that the software configurations are compatible with what you are trying to accomplish.
Follow Instructions - Computers are not evasive when they report errors; all too often we just do not understand them, or are confused by the amount of information that is given. Many times there are suggestions on how to fix a problem accompanied with an error message. Simply follow the steps the message suggests; even if the suggestion seems to be ridiculous follow it so that you can discard it as a possibility.
Windows Recognition - If you go into the Control Panel, open the System dialog, click on the Hardware tab, and then open the Device Manager, you will see a tree-like structure of all of the hardware that is attached to your computer. Look under the appropriate category (Monitors, Graphic Adapters, etc.) and click on the item/items that you are having problems with then click on properties. The dialog that opens will inform you if the operating system is having any know troubles with the device.
Update Drivers - If possible, try connecting to the internet and going to the manufacture’s web site to download the latest drivers for your hardware (this requires that you now the model specifications of your hardware). Often conflicts can arise when you install new hardware and software; although these are unanticipated, once found the developer will fix the problem and post updated drivers.
Refresh Device Manager/Reinstall Device - This step falls into the “I don’t care what the problem is, I just want it fixed” category. Open the device manager again and delete the devices that are not working properly. You will probably be prompted to restart your computer, if not restart it manually. When the computer restarts the hardware you deleted will be detected again and be reinstalled with the default configurations. If you cannot find the device in the device manager try to uninstall all software that came with it and reinstall using the disks that were provided.

Specific Hardware Problems

Dead CMOS Battery

On an older PC, it is normal for the CMOS battery to fail at some point in time. They usually last for many years, with over five years being the norm, at least on older machines. On a new motherboard, this sort of problem is usually a sign of a defect, although, you shouldn’t worry about it if it appears only the very first time the board is powered up or after you replace the battery. Often, a dying battery will first manifest itself intermittently. Sometimes, you will boot with no problem. At other times, you will see an error indicating that the system doesn’t match the configuration or you will see that the Date and Time settings on your computer are wrong. When the battery fails entirely, these errors will either come up every time you reboot, or your BIOS may report an error number with a message stating that the battery is dead. The solution is replacing the battery — for detailed instructions for replacing the battery see the Replacing Hardware page.

Blank Monitor

This is a very common problem, and most of the time, it has a very easy fix. Follow the below steps:

Power - Verify that the monitor has power and the power cord is firmly attached. Detailed instructions for accomplishing this task can be found above.
Video Cable - Double check that the video cable is connected to the computer. If the cable has become loose you may need to push it back in and tighten the screws that hold it in place.
Brightness & Contrast - Check the brightness and contrast controls on the monitor; It might have gotten bumped or changed accidentally. It may sound stupid, but this was one of the most common causes for people bringing their monitor in for repair when my friend work at a computer store. Most monitors have a button on them to reset all of the settings — try pushing that.
Swap Parts - If possible, try swapping with another monitor that is known to work and vice-versa. If your monitor works on another computer, than the problem, most likely lies with your video card and/or motherboard. If your computer works with another monitor it might be time to invest in a new monitor.
Push In Video Card - Open up your machine and firmly push down on your video card so that you are sure that it is making contact with all of the contacts in the slot. If you computer was jumped and the screw that holds it down was not tight enough it could have come loose.

If none of the above fixed your problem you may need to do more research on your problem are use one of the strategies listed earlier.

Dead Hard Drive

Hopefully, the only time you will have encountered this problem is after you have installed a new IDE device, because other than being misconfigured, otherwise, your data is most-likely lost.

Error on Boot

One of the most common error messages comes when you’re trying to boot up your computer. If you get a message when you try to boot up your system:

Make sure that your connections are secure.
Check to find and then remove any floppy disks from drives.
Start up again.

Error messages are usually pretty self-explanatory but if you encounter one that you don’t understand, check the troubleshooting section of the owner’s manual or software guide.

Motherboards the different parts explained:

2009-02-27T16:31:00.000+05:30

Motherboards the different parts explained:

The motherboard is the center piece of you system it contains all the circuitry and components either directly on the board or via additional components which connect directly to it.
The motherboard is also often referred to as the main board.

The motherboards many connectors and slots include a socket for the processor to be installed along with memory slots, a number of expansion slots, connectors to IDE/SATA devices and smaller connectors for USB, serial and printer connectors.

The motherboard plays an essential role in the following aspects of your computer system:

Organization of devices: Everything is eventually connected to the motherboard. The way that the motherboard is designed and laid out dictates how the entire computer is going to be organized.

Control of the devices: Built-in to the motherboard is the chipset and BIOS program, which between them control the majority of data flow throughout the different computer systems.
System Communication: Almost all communication between the PC and its peripherals, other PCs, and you, the user, goes through the motherboard.

Processor Support: The motherboard socket depicts which choice of processor you can use in your system.

Peripheral Support: The motherboards components determine what type of peripherals you can use in your PC. For example, you can not use AGP cards if you only have PCI slots.

System Performance: The motherboard is a major factor in your system's performance; it dictates which type of processors, memory, system buses, and hard disk interface speed your system can have via its connectors or BIOS settings. Often if you are upgrading after a number of years you will need to replace the board, CPU, and memory.

Upgradeability: As motherboards are developed newer processors may not be compatible with your hardware as limitations of the circuitry built-in to the board itself will not allow them to run. As a result you can look for any upgrades via your maker's website but may need to consider upgrading.

Motherboard connector's close-అప్

The block of connectors on the motherboard which include the Ethernet, USB, serial, com and mouse/keyboard ports is often referred to as the I/O Panel, the often silver surround which sits between the panel and the outer edge of your system case is called the I/O shield.

Expansion slots

Usually PCI to allow for other devices to be installed, AGP cards are used solely for video cards. Newer versions including PCI-Express functions still remain the same.
Processor సోకేట్

Here your processor (CPU) is connected to the motherboard. Usually they have a socket design with a lever on one edge once lifted you can insert the processor. Normally a small notch or marked corner indicates the only way that the processor can fit the socket. Once secured the heat sink and thermal paste is installed over the processor and secured into place.

Memory స్లోత్స్

Also known as memory banks as each slot on the motherboard is termed a bank of memory. You will need to check that you are using the right type of memory for you board. They will only fit into the slots one way by noting the notch in the middle of the module and the number of pins on each side. Once the clips at either end have been opened the module can then be pressed firmly into the slot and the clips secured to hold the module in place.

IDE కాంనేక్టర్స్

These connect to your IDE devices of either hard drives or CD/DVD Drives or a combination of both. A smaller IDE connector is also used for Floppy disk drives.

Pin ఔత్స్

Every switch on the front panel of your case including the power switch, reset, power led, hdd led, and any USB ports all need to be connected to the pin outs on the motherboard to function.

ఒథెర్స్

Other connectors on your motherboard include additional pins to connect fans to. If you have built-in sound you will also see AUX and CD-in which connect to the DVD drive to allow for playback directly from the drive.

ఛిరు నవ్వుల వరమిస్తావ

2009-01-23T14:46:00.000+05:30

ఛిరు నవ్వుల వరమిస్తావ
ఛితినున్డి లెఛొస్తాను.
మరుజన్మకు కరునిస్తావ
ఈ క్షనమె మరనిస్తాను.

విరభూసిన పరిమళకుసుమమ్ ల

2009-01-23T14:36:00.000+05:30

విరభూసిన పరిమళకుసుమమ్ ల
నిన్గిని విరిసిన ఇన్ద్ర ధన్సు ల
నిన్డు పున్నమీల పన్డు వెన్నెల ల
నీ జీవితమ్ నవ వసమ్ తమ్ కావలని ఆశిస్తు
నీ ప్రాణ స్నెహితుడు.....

ఆల్ సాఫ్ట్వేర్ సీరియల్ కీస్

2008-11-18T17:23:00.000+05:30

Adobe Photoshop CS4 serial key :
1330-1751-1921-7520-1721-1350

Serials & Cracks's archives :

Ms Office 2007 Home and Student Serial Number:

DDY79-433JV-2RXGX-MQFQP-PFDH8

AVG Internet Security 8.0.90 (build 1283) Serial Number:
75VNU-TH1RR1-L7-P03-C01-S3S9MD-2YN-3AUS

Ahead Nero 8.3.6.0 Serial Number:
1K22-1867-0795-66M4-5379-5645-KMA8

Kaspersky anti-virus 7.0.1.325 Serial Number:
0636000491017cf78f

Kaspersky 2009 Serial Number:
K5PXQ-X1SW6-2RAMR-ZBM2X

Kaspersky 7.0.1.325 Serial Number:

K5PXQ-X1SW6-2RAMR-ZBM2X

Kaspersky 7.0 all versions Serial Number:
03D4-000491-00301X39

3D Studio Max 4 :::: Number:
226-19791979 / CD Key: XLSQBQ
Adobe Golive 4 :::: GJW400R2100006-625
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Adobe PageMaker 7.0 :::: 1039-1121-2998-7586-7388-7545
Adobe Premiere 6.0 :::: MBF500B7205104998
Adobe Premiere 7.0 PRO::::1132-1381-7346-2847-2617-6783
Aldus Photo Styler 2.0 :::: 15-1001-000000001
Adobe photoshop 2.0 starter edition:::: 67fad510
Adobe Photoshop 6.0 :::: PSW600Y7145342-365
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Easy CD Creator 5 :::: P-7TGQ4-G06CM-N5G1L
Easy CD Creator 6 :::: BD-JWZS4-QX3MR-0241L
Easy Media Creator 7.0 serial :::: YN-Y7WVY-CQXG6-K3KWZ
Enciclopédia de Tomografia Comp. LEE :::: RUSR23351
Empresário 3 serial :::: e3co-1-co-065-00-00-m1oe111
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Kylix 3.0 :::: 6AKT-TE29VM-7GZV6D-28?Y / Aut. Key: GFW-?RW
Macromedia Studio MX :::: WSW600-59791-91721-99978
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Ominipage 11 :::: 2889A L00 500020
Page Maker 7.0 :::: 1039-1121-2998-7586-7388-7545
Photoshop 5.5 BR :::: PWB550E7100088-110
Photoshop 6.0 BR :::: PWW600R7105467-948
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Seagete Crystal Reports 9.2 :::: AVS50-81SG00S-G61002U
SIC 3.02 Serial :::: 12D2-2501-8410-32X0-6752 / Série: 060086
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Via Voice :::: RPB000049301
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Visual Kit 5 V.7.0 2003 :::: U5R.IGR.567.J9L.I6K.133.9C9
Visual SouceSafe 6.0 :::: 885-2814463
Visual Studio 6.0 :::: 111-11111
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Win DVD 2000 :::: GMR22WGYXPUB8LH
Winace :::: ACEQ79TFDSWXC3H4R64
Windows 95 :::: 28595-OEM-0005727-80940
Windows 98 :::: KGGJF-Q3HCX-88JJV-DM3KH-VY6VQ
Windows 98SE :::: XJ3XX-YR4CJ-TQD6J-76QJR-GJMJB
Windows 2000 Server BR :::: M2GHT-V6YK6-P6Q9D-PRCXF-FCWXT
Windows 2003 BR :::: JB88F-WT2Q3-DPXTT-Y8GHG-7YYQY
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Windows NT 4.0 :::: 419-0949015
Microsoft Windows XP Professional :::: RHKG3-8YW4W-4RHJG-83M4Y-7X9GW
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Windows XP Home BR :::: K8GMG-PRV3M-VG2JH-DJJ48-RY7FV
Windows XP Professional C/SP2 BR :::: BX6HT-MDJKW-H2J4X-BX67W-TVVFG
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Windows XP Server :::: BJXGH-4TG7P-F9PRP-K6FJD-JQMPM
Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Corporate Edition :::: JB88F-WT2Q3-DPXTT-Y8GHG-7YYQY
Windows 2003 Standard Server :::: M6RJ9-TBJH3-9DDXM-4VX9Q-K8M8M
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Windows 2003 Server/Enterprise/MSDN :::: QW32K-48T2T-3D2PJ-DXBWY-C6WRJ

వేదాల్లో వైమానిక శాస్త్రం

2008-10-11T11:35:00.000+05:30

వెదములందలి విజ్ఞానమంతయు సూత్రప్రాయమె అని దానికి శాస్త్రీయమైన ఆథారాలు లేవని నెటి శాస్త్రవెత్తల వాదన. అయితే 50 నుండి 60 కొట్ల సంవత్నరముల పూర్వమే మన మహార్షులు వేదములందలి సారమును అనేక విథములుగ గ్రహించి, గ్రందస్థం చెయటయేకాక వినిమయం గావించినారు. మన పురాణ గాథల్లొ వున్న యెన్నొ వైజ్ఞానిక ప్రస్తావనలు కల్పితాలొ, వూహలొకావు. అవన్నీ వుపయెగింపబడినవే. ద్రుతరాస్ట్ర్రుని వీర్యాన్ని 100 కుండల్లొ భద్రపరిచి, కౌరవ సంతానంగా రూపుదిద్ధిన శ్రీ వ్యాస మహర్షి వాడిన సాంకెతిక పరిజ్ఞానం నేటి టెస్ట్ ట్యూబ్ టెక్నాలజి ఒకటే. సూర్యుని ధ్వరా కుంతీధేవి కర్ణుని కన్న వైనం, నేటిఆర్టిఫిషీల్ ఇన్సెమినేషన్ కథూ! నాటి మాయా థర్పణం నేటి టి.వి ఇలా చెప్పుకుంటూ వెళితే ముక్యమైనది పుష్పక విమాన ప్రస్తవన. రామాయణ కాలం లొనే (త్రేతాయుగం) విమాన ప్రస్తవనలు కలవు. ఐతే ప్రపంచం లొనే మొట్టమొథట విమాన నిర్మతలు రైట్సొథరులని చెపుతుంటే ప్రపంచమంతా అమాయకంగా 'అవునూ అంటుంది.